The short answer is: Anytime you start to notice dust building up on the exterior, it’s likely time for a cleaning. For most users, every 6 months or so should suffice to keep your PC running nice and clean.
For a more specific answer: It depends on a few factors. The environment that a computer is exposed to is a major factor.
A computer that’s located in an industrial clean room would rarely need cleaning, whereas a desktop computer running a CNC machine in a cabinet shop would require more frequent maintenance.
Generally speaking, laptops are usually taken better care of and stored in cases/bags, desktops are often left in place for extended periods of time and will likely need cleaning more often.
Another major factor on how dirty a desktop gets is actually where it’s located. A desktop sitting on the ground will need cleaning more often than one that’s in a shelf inside of the desk.
Some cases have special dust filters than require cleaning more often, but the filters are easier to get to and catch the majority of the dust.
The trade-off behind this concept is much easier cleaning more often, which has its pros and cons. Another factor to consider is pets. If they are around, their hair may make its way into the computer.
To keep your PC clean, sanitary, and running smoothly, give each component a cleaning on a regular basis.
It’s a good practice to open up your computer and follow the cleaning process at least every three to six months. If you notice that your system has a significant level of dust and hair present the first time you clean it, more frequent cleaning is in order.